Management

The performance of nurses has become vital in hospitals. Some studies have suggested that nurses' perceptions of the ethical climate in their hospitals have relationship with higher job satisfaction and organizational commitment and thus influence organizational performance. Although a plenty of studies support this relationship in developed countries, there is a scarce empirical evidence in developing countries. This study tries to examine the relationship among the ethical climate, job satisfaction and organizational commitment of nurses in Bosnia and Herzegovina which is a developing and transitional country. 171 useful questionnaires were collected from nurses who are working in public hospitals. The relationships among variables were evaluated by descriptive statistics and correlations. The study demonstrated a strong and significant relationship among nurses' job satisfaction, organizational commitment and ethical climate of hospitals.

As a recent modern concept, ethical leadership inspires researchers in many ways. Relations between ethical leadership and organizational citizenship behaviors, though a new field of study, is a big mine that requires some digging. The so-called extra-role or pro-social actions of employees is called the organizational citizenship behavior meaning that whatever extra job they do than what they are supposed to do is within Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Namely, how the school teacher's perception of his/her superior's ethical behavior influences the organizational citizenship behavior has evoked curiosity in the developing country context. This study tries to examine the effects of the ethical leadership on Organizational Citizenship Behavior of private primary and high school teachers in Bosnia and Herzegovina which is a developing and transitional country. Data collected from 80 teachers. The relationship among multiple variables is evaluated on the basis of factor analysis, reliability, descriptive statistics, correlations, and linear regression. The study showed a positive and strong influence of ethical leadership on teachers' organizational citizenship behavior in private primary and high schools.

Hemen tüm dünyada emeklilik yaşının da yükseltilmesiyle birlikte, farklı kuşaklardan insanlar aynı
işyerinde birlikte çalışmak durumunda kalmaktadırlar. Farklı ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel faktörlerin etkisi
altında yetişen bu kuşakların özellikleri de birbirinden farklılıklar göstermektedir. Bu da yöneticiler için yeni
zorlukları beraberinde getirmektedir.
Bu çalışmada “kuşak”, “iş-yaşam dengesi” ve “çalışma değerleri” değişkenleri arasındaki ilişkiler
“Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli” aracılığıyla incelenmiş ve söz konusu ilişkileri açıklayan bir model geliştirilmiştir.
Model sonuçlarına göre X ve Y Kuşaklarının Gelenekçi ve Bebek Patlaması Kuşaklarına göre daha iyi
bir iş-yaşam dengesine sahip olduğu ve çalışma değerleriyle de çoğunlukla daha yüksek ilişkilerinin
bulunduğu gözlemlenmiştir.

Background: The performance of nurses has become vital in hospitals. Some studies have suggested that nurses' perceptions of the ethical climate in their hospitals are related to higher job satisfaction and organizational commitment and in turn lessen the issue of nursing shortage. Hypothesis: (1) The ethical climate types ''caring,'' ''independent,'' ''law and code,'' and ''rules'' have a significant positive impact on overall job satisfaction. (2) The ethical climate types and overall job satisfaction have significant positive influences on normative and affective and significant negative influences on continuance commitment. Research design: The study uses path analysis to understand which types of ethical climate impact overall job satisfaction. It also tries to find the effect of different types of ethical climate and overall job satisfaction on the components of organizational commitment. The relationships between variables were evaluated using factor analysis, reliability, descriptive statistics, correlations, and regression in this study. Participants and research context: A total of 171 useful questionnaires were collected from nurses working in public and private hospitals in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Ethical considerations: Formal research approval was obtained from the administration of each study hospital. Questionnaires with a cover letter were mailed to the hospitals that agreed to participate in the study. In the cover letter, the researchers explained the study purpose, encouraged nurses' voluntary participation, and guaranteed the anonymity of participants. Findings: In the first path analyses, ''rules'' and ''caring'' climates significantly and positively affected overall job satisfaction. In the second one, while overall job satisfaction and ''rules'' climate significantly influenced normative commitment, ''caring'' climate and overall job satisfaction significantly affected affective commitment. Discussion: The findings of the study have been convenient with the literature. Conclusion: Public and private hospitals can enhance overall job satisfaction and organizational commitment by altering the ethical climate of organizations. Hospital administrations should nurture caring and rule types of ethical climate which influence overall satisfaction. By this way, they could reduce nursing shortage.

Entrepreneurs are imperative for the long-term economic growth of every country. Researchers are trying to explain how important entrepreneurial intention is by taking different factors in considerations. This paper will discuss three most important groups of factors affecting entrepreneurial intention of unemployed women in the north of Montenegro. Based on literature review, those factors are personal background, personality traits and environmental groups of factors. In this study, focus will be on four factors from each group which are perceived as most important according to researchers. The study will provide new framework in this field. The main research focus will be on women since majority of unemployed people in the north of the country is women whose small proportion is entrepreneur.

This paper examines the impact of ethical leadership on employee attitudes. This study proposes that ethical leadership has an effect on overall job satisfaction. It also suggests that ethical leadership and overall job satisfaction influence normative and continuance commitment. The relationships between variables were evaluated using factor analysis, reliability, descriptive statistics, correlations, and regression in this study. The results based on a sample of 158 employees from one public and nine private manufacturing companies in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina support the hypotheses. This study shows that ethical leadership has an effect on overall job satisfaction, normative, and continuance commitment. Overall job satisfaction affects employees' normative commitment but it does not have any effect on continuance commitment.

ABSTRACT “Ahilik‖ is the name of a society which had played a crucial role on social, economic and cultural life of Anatolian people from 13th century to today. The ethical principles established by this society have had significant effects on commercial life in Turkish territories throughout history. The teachings of Ahilik can be found in ‗Futuvvetnames‘ which are the books that include basic moral rules and principles of commerce such as fellowship, helpfullness, honesty and tolerance. These set of principles are still significant in today‘s business life in Turkey. On the other hand, today‘s widespread ethical business principles in the world are mainly rooted in well-known marketing and business organizations. The Ethical Codes of American Marketing Association are one of the most well known ethical codes in current business terminology. The purpose of this study is to analyze the similarities and differences between the moral rules of ‗Ahilik‘ and ethical norms and values of American Marketing Association.

The purpose of this research is to investigate perceptions of employees in regards to ethics in marketing practices in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. After the ethnic and political tensions of the 1990s, the practice of business ethics in Bosnia and Herzegovina has excited curiosity. In this research, perceptions of employees working in different companies in Sarajevo as to marketing ethics were investigated through an exploratory research. The American Marketing Association’s Codes of Ethics were used to measure ethical perceptions in a self-administered questionnaire. 180 completed questionnaires from employees of 27 companies conducting business in various service and production sectors were used in the data analysis. Descriptive analysis, one sample and independent sample t-test analyses were used to analyze the data. Research results showed that employees find ethical practices fairly positive when fairness is the most positively evaluated dimension of ethical perceptions.